Publication: Enhanced transesterification reaction using chromium-doped calcium oxide-based catalyst supported on alumina and its specification of biodiesel
Date
2023
Authors
Sulaiman N.F.
Leong Y.W.
Lee S.L.
Toemen S.
Bakar W.A.W.A.
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Elsevier Ltd
Abstract
A new modification with an active substance, chromium-doped calcium oxide-based catalyst supported on alumina (Cr-Ca/?-Al2O3), was synthesized by the wetness impregnation method in the transesterification of refined waste cooking oil. 10Cr-90Ca/?-Al2O3 catalyst calcined at 700 �C was successful in achieving a maximum of 86.6% of biodiesel production under optimum parameters (reaction temperature of 65 �C, catalyst loading of 6 wt%, oil-to-methanol of 1:18 mol ratio, and reaction time of three hours). The optimization using 10Cr-90Ca/?-Al2O3 catalyzed reaction was subsequently verified by response surface methodology. Based on the R2 value of 0.9977, the regression equation fits well and explains a significant response to the observed variability. The analyses from X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that the active species existence in 10Cr-90Ca/?-Al2O3 catalysts was Ca2+ and Cr3+ played important roles in this catalytic transesterification reaction for biodiesel production. The 10Cr-90Ca/?-Al2O3 catalyst calcined at 700 �C had the smallest crystallite size measured at 9.4 nm (Al2O3), 8.9 nm (CaO), and 17.9 nm (Cr2O3). The TGA-DTA data validated the temperature of 700 �C was considered suitable for synthesized 10Cr-90Ca/?-Al2O3 catalyst. The fuel qualities of synthesized biodiesel under ideal process conditions meet ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. � 2023 Elsevier Ltd
Description
Keywords
Box-Behnken design , Chromium-doped , Refined waste cooking oil , Renewable energy , Specification of biodiesel , Alumina , Aluminum oxide , Calcination , Catalyst supports , Chromium compounds , Crystallite size , High resolution transmission electron microscopy , Lime , Magnesia , Oils and fats , Petroleum refining , Specifications , Transesterification , X ray photoelectron spectroscopy , Biodiesel production , Box-Behnken design , Chromium-doped , Refined waste cooking oil , Renewable energies , Specification of biodiesel , Synthesised , Transesterification reaction , Waste cooking oil , ]+ catalyst , Biodiesel