Publication: The occurrence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in Malaysian urban domestic wastewater
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Date
2022
Authors
Mohd Hanafiah Z.
Wan Mohtar W.H.M.
Abd Manan T.S.B.
Bachi' N.A.
Abdullah N.A.
Abd Hamid H.H.
Beddu S.
Mohd Kamal N.L.
Ahmad A.
Wan Rasdi N.
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Elsevier Ltd
Abstract
The water stream has been reported to contain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), released from households and premises through discharge from Sewage Treatment Plant (STP). This research identifies commonly consumed NSAIDs namely ibuprofen (IBU), diclofenac (DIC), ketoprofen (KET) and naproxen (NAP) in the influent wastewater from two urban catchments (i.e. 2 STPs). We expand our focus to assess the efficiency of monomer (C18) and dimer (HLB) types of sorbents in the solid phase extraction method followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis and optimize model prediction of NSAIDs in the influent wastewater using I-Optimal design. The ecological risk assessment of the NSAIDs was evaluated. The HLB produced reliable analysis for all NSAIDs under study (STP1: 6.7 � 10?3 mg L?1 to 2.21 � 10?1 mg L?1, STP2: 1.40 � 10?4 mg L?1 to 9.72 � 10?2 mg L?1). The C18 however, selective to NAP. Based on the Pearson proximity matrices, the DICHLB can be a good indicator for IBUHLB (0.565), NAPC18 (0.721), NAPHLB (0.566), and KETHLB (0.747). The optimized model prediction for KET and NAP based on DIC are successfully validated. The risk quotients (RQ) values of NSAIDs were classified as high (RQ > 1), medium (RQ, 0.1�1) and low (RQ, 0.01�0.1) risks. The optimized models are beneficial for major NSAIDs (KET and NAP) monitoring in the influent wastewater of urban domestic area. An upgrade on the existing wastewater treatment infrastructure is recommended to counteract current water security situation. � 2021 Elsevier Ltd
Description
Catchments; Dimers; Drug products; Ecology; Extraction; Mass spectrometry; Phase separation; Risk assessment; Sewage treatment plants; Wastewater treatment; Ecological risk assessment; Emerging contaminant; Gas chromatography mass spectrometry; Gaschromatography-mass spectrometry; Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Sewage treatment plant; Sewage-treatment plants; Solid phase extraction; Solid-phase extraction; Gas chromatography; diclofenac; dimer; ibuprofen; ketoprofen; microplastic; monomer; naproxen; nonsteroid antiinflammatory agent; sorbent; surface water; drug; nonsteroid antiinflammatory agent; concentration (composition); drug; extraction method; risk assessment; wastewater; wastewater treatment; Article; calibration; catchment area (hydrology); comparative study; limit of detection; limit of quantitation; Malaysia; mass fragmentography; quality control; risk assessment; sewage treatment plant; solid phase extraction; urban area; waste water management; water quality; water sampling; wastewater; water pollutant; Malaysia; Indicator indicator; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diclofenac; Naproxen; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Waste Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical