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The Effect of the El Nino Southern Oscillation on Precipitation Extremes in the Hindu Kush Mountains Range

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dc.citedby0
dc.contributor.authorMasood M.U.en_US
dc.contributor.authorHaider S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorRashid M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorLodhi M.U.K.en_US
dc.contributor.authorPande C.B.en_US
dc.contributor.authorAlshehri F.en_US
dc.contributor.authorAhmed K.O.en_US
dc.contributor.authorScholz M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorSammen S.S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57062195300en_US
dc.contributor.authorid58188293400en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57226273127en_US
dc.contributor.authorid58542061100en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57193547008en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57224683617en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57223260928en_US
dc.contributor.authorid7202888741en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57192093108en_US
dc.date.accessioned2024-10-14T03:17:25Z
dc.date.available2024-10-14T03:17:25Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.description.abstractThe El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is devastating as it negatively impacts global climatic conditions, which can cause extreme events, including floods and droughts, which are harmful to the region�s economy. Pakistan is also considered one of the climate change hotspot regions in the world. Therefore, the present study investigates the effect of the ENSO on extreme precipitation events across the Upper Indus Basin. We examined the connections between 11 extreme precipitation indices (EPIs) and two ENSO indicators, the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and the Oceanic Ni�o Index (ONI). This analysis covers both annual and seasonal scales and spans the period from 1971 to 2019. Statistical tests (i.e., Mann�Kendall (MK) and Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA)) were used to observe the variations in the EPIs. The results revealed that the number of Consecutive Dry Days (CDDs) is increasing more than Consecutive Wet Days (CWDs)en_US
dc.description.abstractoverall, the EPIs exhibited increasing trends, except for the Rx1 (max. 1-day precipitation) and Rx5 (max. 5-day precipitation) indices. The ENSO indicator ONI is a temperature-related ENSO index. The results further showed that the CDD value has a significant positive correlation with the SOI for most of the UIB (Upper Indus Basin) region, whereas for the CWD value, high elevated stations gave a positive relationship. A significant negative relationship was observed for the lower portion of the UIB. The Rx1 and Rx5 indices were observed to have a negative relationship with the SOI, indicating that El Nino causes heavy rainfall. The R95p (very wet days) and R99p (extreme wet days) indices were observed to have significant negative trends in most of the UIB. In contrast, high elevated stations depicted a significant positive relationship that indicates they are affected by La Nina conditions. The PRCPTOT index exhibited a negative relationship with the SOI, revealing that the El Nino phase causes wet conditions in the UIB. The ONI gave a significant positive relationship for the UIB region, reinforcing the idea that both indices exhibit more precipitation during El Nino. The above observations imply that while policies are being developed to cope with climate change impacts, the effects of the ENSO should also be considered. � 2023 by the authors.en_US
dc.description.natureFinalen_US
dc.identifier.ArtNo4311
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/w15244311
dc.identifier.issue24
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85180446797
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85180446797&doi=10.3390%2fw15244311&partnerID=40&md5=e7c0f5918b91b9a6e74ad75bcf4cca3d
dc.identifier.urihttps://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/33909
dc.identifier.volume15
dc.publisherMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)en_US
dc.sourceScopus
dc.sourcetitleWater (Switzerland)
dc.subjectENSO
dc.subjectInnovative Trend Analysis
dc.subjectMann�Kendall test
dc.subjectUpper Indus Basin
dc.subjectHindu Kush
dc.subjectIndus Basin
dc.subjectAtmospheric pressure
dc.subjectRain
dc.subjectEL Nino
dc.subjectEl Nino southern oscillation
dc.subjectExtreme precipitation
dc.subjectInnovative trend analyse
dc.subjectInnovative trends
dc.subjectMann-Kendall test
dc.subjectPrecipitation indices
dc.subjectSouthern oscillation index
dc.subjectTrend analysis
dc.subjectUpper Indus Basin
dc.subjectclimate change
dc.subjectEl Nino-Southern Oscillation
dc.subjectLa Nina
dc.subjectprecipitation intensity
dc.subjectstatistical analysis
dc.subjecttrend analysis
dc.subjectClimate change
dc.titleThe Effect of the El Nino Southern Oscillation on Precipitation Extremes in the Hindu Kush Mountains Rangeen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dspace.entity.typePublication
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