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Effect of Chemical Pre-Treatment on the Catalytic Performance of Oil Palm EFB Fibre Supported Magnetic Acid Catalyst

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dc.citedby0
dc.contributor.authorKrishnan S.G.en_US
dc.contributor.authorPua F.L.en_US
dc.contributor.authorFan Z.en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57190370972en_US
dc.contributor.authorid36024192100en_US
dc.contributor.authorid56531001000en_US
dc.date.accessioned2024-10-14T03:18:19Z
dc.date.available2024-10-14T03:18:19Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.description.abstractThe development of heterogenous catalysts using renewable materials has received wide attention. A heterogenous catalyst has been a preferred choice as it evades the disadvantages of homogeneous catalysts, nevertheless, heterogenous catalysts has limited activity and a longer separation process. The current study emphasises the preparation of a new magnetic catalyst using oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibre as a carbon-based support material. The effect of different alkaline pre-treatments over the methyl ester conversion rate were investigated. The catalyst preparation parameters were studied by using the single factor optimisation approach, including the fibre loading, impregnation time, calcination temperature, and calcination time. Their effects in the esterification of oleic acid were investigated in this study. The optimisation study shows that the Na2CO3-treated(T)-EFBC magnetic catalyst had the highest esterification rate of 93.5% with 7 g EFB fibre loading, a 2 h impregnation time and a calcination temperature of 500 �C for 2 h. The catalyst possessed a good acidity of 3.5 mmol/g with excellent magnetism properties. This study showed that the catalysts are magnetically separable and exhibited good stability with 82.1% after five cycles. The oil palm EFB supported magnetic acid catalyst indicates it as a potential option to the existing solid catalysts that is economical and environmentally friendly for the esterification process. � 2023 by the authors.en_US
dc.description.natureFinalen_US
dc.identifier.ArtNo8637
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/su15118637
dc.identifier.issue11
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85163094750
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85163094750&doi=10.3390%2fsu15118637&partnerID=40&md5=8aa50b346be527274cadcbe99797f3ae
dc.identifier.urihttps://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/34182
dc.identifier.volume15
dc.publisherMDPIen_US
dc.relation.ispartofAll Open Access
dc.relation.ispartofGold Open Access
dc.sourceScopus
dc.sourcetitleSustainability (Switzerland)
dc.subjectbiomass
dc.subjectcatalyst
dc.subjectenergy
dc.subjectmagnetic
dc.subjectoil palm
dc.subjectoleic acid
dc.subjectacidity
dc.subjectbiomass
dc.subjectcatalyst
dc.subjectessential oil
dc.subjectmagnetic property
dc.titleEffect of Chemical Pre-Treatment on the Catalytic Performance of Oil Palm EFB Fibre Supported Magnetic Acid Catalysten_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dspace.entity.typePublication
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