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A Review of the Status, Effects, Prevention, and Remediation of Groundwater Contamination for Sustainable Environment

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dc.citedby7
dc.contributor.authorRavindiran G.en_US
dc.contributor.authorRajamanickam S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorSivarethinamohan S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorKarupaiya Sathaiah B.en_US
dc.contributor.authorRavindran G.en_US
dc.contributor.authorMuniasamy S.K.en_US
dc.contributor.authorHayder G.en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57226345669en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57190127095en_US
dc.contributor.authorid59147744200en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57147186000en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57205017025en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57214630614en_US
dc.contributor.authorid56239664100en_US
dc.date.accessioned2024-10-14T03:17:40Z
dc.date.available2024-10-14T03:17:40Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.description.abstractMost water systems that support ecosystems and feed humans are depleted or stressed. Aquifer characteristics, topography, subsurface activities, climate, and geochemical processes regulate groundwater availability, a reliable source of fresh water. Globally, agriculture, industries, and the domestic sector are the three major sectors that consume vast quantities of freshwater resources. Further anthropogenic activities, such as soil leaching, acid rain, fertilizer, pesticides, mining, and other industrial activities, resulted in the release of organic and inorganic pollutants that affected global water resources. In India, groundwater is used in huge quantities, resulting in groundwater depletion of 1 to 2 m a year. Low-income countries face many issues related to water pollution, and the availability of safe water is minimal. In 2019, deaths due to unsafe sanitation accounted for 2.2% of the total global deaths, amounting to 1.2 million people�s deaths. India recorded 6.6% of deaths due to unsafe sanitation in 2019. India and China accounted for around 90.41% and 60.4% of the groundwater utilization for agricultural purposes, respectively. In 2020, China and India utilized vast quantities of nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) for crop growth to enhance crop yield, resulting in the highest nitrate and phosphate concentrations in groundwater. Remediating contaminants from different sources requires knowledge of their concentration, behavior, cycling, and degradation pathways. According to safety guidelines, limiting and optimizing crop organic and inorganic fertilizer, pesticide waste disposal, and empty container disposal can reduce groundwater contamination. The present study summarized groundwater utilization in various sectors, potential sources of groundwater contamination impacts on human health and the environment, preventive measures, and mitigation methods to overcome groundwater pollution. � 2023 by the authors.en_US
dc.description.natureFinalen_US
dc.identifier.ArtNo3662
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/w15203662
dc.identifier.issue20
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85175366200
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85175366200&doi=10.3390%2fw15203662&partnerID=40&md5=095c384a202135fcf8b88d48e20baca5
dc.identifier.urihttps://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/34015
dc.identifier.volume15
dc.publisherMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)en_US
dc.relation.ispartofAll Open Access
dc.relation.ispartofGold Open Access
dc.sourceScopus
dc.sourcetitleWater (Switzerland)
dc.subjectclean water and sanitation
dc.subjecteconomic loss
dc.subjecthuman health
dc.subjectmitigation
dc.subjectsources of contamination
dc.subjectChina
dc.subjectIndia
dc.subjectAcid rain
dc.subjectAgricultural pollution
dc.subjectAquifers
dc.subjectCrops
dc.subjectFertilizers
dc.subjectGroundwater pollution
dc.subjectGroundwater resources
dc.subjectLosses
dc.subjectNitrates
dc.subjectPesticides
dc.subjectSoil pollution
dc.subjectClean water and sanitation
dc.subjectClean waters
dc.subjectEconomic loss
dc.subjectGroundwater contamination
dc.subjectGroundwater utilization
dc.subjectHuman health
dc.subjectMitigation
dc.subjectSource of contamination
dc.subjectSustainable environment
dc.subjectWater system
dc.subjectaquifer pollution
dc.subjecteconomic activity
dc.subjectenvironmental degradation
dc.subjectgroundwater pollution
dc.subjecthuman activity
dc.subjectliterature review
dc.subjectmitigation
dc.subjectpollutant source
dc.subjectpublic health
dc.subjectremediation
dc.subjectsanitation
dc.subjectsustainability
dc.subjectwater resource
dc.subjectContamination
dc.titleA Review of the Status, Effects, Prevention, and Remediation of Groundwater Contamination for Sustainable Environmenten_US
dc.typeReviewen_US
dspace.entity.typePublication
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