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Initial electric field changes of lightning flashes in tropical thunderstorms and their relationship to the lightning initiation mechanism

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dc.citedby12
dc.contributor.authorSabri M.H.M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorAhmad M.R.en_US
dc.contributor.authorEsa M.R.M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorPeriannan D.en_US
dc.contributor.authorLu G.en_US
dc.contributor.authorZhang H.en_US
dc.contributor.authorCooray V.en_US
dc.contributor.authorWilliams E.en_US
dc.contributor.authorAziz M.Z.A.A.en_US
dc.contributor.authorAbdul-Malek Z.en_US
dc.contributor.authorAlkahtani A.A.en_US
dc.contributor.authorKadir M.Z.A.A.B.en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57200560218en_US
dc.contributor.authorid16021287600en_US
dc.contributor.authorid56563193100en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57200566129en_US
dc.contributor.authorid12781228700en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57203311320en_US
dc.contributor.authorid7005428121en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57207137435en_US
dc.contributor.authorid56586151300en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57195728805en_US
dc.contributor.authorid55646765500en_US
dc.contributor.authorid25947297000en_US
dc.date.accessioned2023-05-29T07:23:34Z
dc.date.available2023-05-29T07:23:34Z
dc.date.issued2019
dc.descriptionAntennas; Lightning; Thunderstorms; Tropics; Electric field change; Fast positive breakdown; Initial breakdown pulse; Narrow bipolar events; Negative breakdown; Electric fields; amplitude; electric field; lightning; thunderstorm; Florida [United States]; United Statesen_US
dc.description.abstractIn this paper, the key finding is that all the examined first classic Initial Breakdown (IB) pulses in tropical flashes within the reversal distance were found to be initiated by a clearly detectable Initial E-field Change or IEC (45 �CG, 32 normal IC, and 3 IC initiated by +NBE). The durations of IECs for both �CG and IC flashes in tropical storms were longer than in Florida storms. On the other hand, for the magnitudes of the E-change, the values were smaller compared to Florida storms with averages of 0.30 V/m compared to 1.65 V/m for �CG flashes, and ?0.81 V/m compared to ?6.30 V/m for IC flashes. The IEC process of lightning flashes in tropical regions took longer to increase the local electric field in order to produce the first IB pulse because of the smaller magnitude of E-change. On the other hand, in Florida storms, the IEC process took a shorter time to increase the local electric field to produce the first IB pulse because of the larger magnitude of E-change. We found that very high frequency (VHF) pulses for tropical thunderstorms started sometime prior to the onset of the IECs. They started between 12.69 and 251.60 ?s before the initiation of the IEC for two normal IC flashes. The first two VHF pulses were detected alone without narrow IB pulses (fast antenna and slow antenna records) or any pulses from the B-field and dE/dt records. Furthermore, the VHF pulses for three IC flashes initiated by +NBEs were also detected before the onset of the IEC. The IEC started immediately after the detection of the +NBE. It is clear that the IEC is initiated by VHF pulses. It can be suggested that lightning is initiated by Fast Positive Breakdowns or FPBs (which emit strong VHF pulses and large +NBEs) and is followed by several negative breakdowns (weak VHF pulses and/or weak NBE-type pulses) before the IEC started. For the case of normal IC flashes, several weaker VHF pulses (mean values of 41.97 mV and 46.4 mV compared to the amplitudes of the VHF pulses of +NBEs of around 800 mV) were detected before the onset of the IEC. As FPBs can occur with a wide range of VHF strengths and E-change amplitudes, it can be suggested these weak VHF pulses accompanied by narrow IB pulses or weak NBE-type pulses detected before the onset of IEC are actually FPBs followed by negative breakdowns or several attempted FPBs. � 2019 Elsevier B.V.en_US
dc.description.natureFinalen_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.04.013
dc.identifier.epage151
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85067975235
dc.identifier.spage138
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067975235&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosres.2019.04.013&partnerID=40&md5=6e1ff28efd79d283cc126a12ba930b32
dc.identifier.urihttps://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/24445
dc.identifier.volume226
dc.publisherElsevier Ltden_US
dc.sourceScopus
dc.sourcetitleAtmospheric Research
dc.titleInitial electric field changes of lightning flashes in tropical thunderstorms and their relationship to the lightning initiation mechanismen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dspace.entity.typePublication
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