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Production of biodiesel from non-edible waste palm oil and sterculia foetida using microwave irradiation

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dc.citedby2
dc.contributor.authorMilano J.en_US
dc.contributor.authorTiong S.K.en_US
dc.contributor.authorChia S.R.en_US
dc.contributor.authorOng M.Y.en_US
dc.contributor.authorSebayang A.H.en_US
dc.contributor.authorKalam M.A.en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57052617200en_US
dc.contributor.authorid15128307800en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57194081866en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57191970824en_US
dc.contributor.authorid39262519300en_US
dc.contributor.authorid58810084600en_US
dc.date.accessioned2025-03-03T07:46:59Z
dc.date.available2025-03-03T07:46:59Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.description.abstractThe environmental damage stemming from traditional diesel begins during crude oil extraction and persists throughout its usage. The burning of fossil fuels has further deteriorate the environmental effect and added to global warming by emitting harmful substances. Moreover, the reduction of finite fossil fuel reserves due to widespread extraction has made the adoption of renewable resources essential. Given these considerations, biodiesel emerges as a highly promising alternative to conventional diesel due to its environmentally beneficial nature, renewable source, and economic feasibility. In this study, biodiesel was prepared by a microwave reactor in the presence of potassium methoxide using blended waste palm oil and sterculia foetida. The effects of raw materials characteristics on transesterification products were studied. The studied process parameters were methanol/oil ratio, microwave temperature, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and stirring speed. The optimal yield with 98.5% FAME content was obtained at a methanol/oil ratio of 60 vol. %, microwave temperature of 120 �C, catalyst concentration of 0.3 wt.%, and 3 min reaction time, and stirring speed of 500 rpm. The potassium methoxide was used to catalyse the transesterification process. The physicochemical properties and the fatty acid methyl ester composition were discussed thoroughly. The flash point of biodiesel, at 157.5�C, exceeds that of diesel fuel by more than two times. The cetane index is 59.5 which is higher than diesel (49.6). The biodiesel's fuel properties conformed to the requirements of both ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. High biodiesel conversion and low sulphur content show that waste palm oil and sterculia foetida are sustainable and economical feedstocks that produce clean fuel to aid the feasibility of the energy transition of the global energy sector. In addition, the selection of synthesis approaches can be further explored for potential catalysts to ensure eco-green biodiesel's sustainability with minimised. ? Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.en_US
dc.description.natureFinalen_US
dc.identifier.ArtNo12047
dc.identifier.doi10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012047
dc.identifier.issue1
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85199392080
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85199392080&doi=10.1088%2f1755-1315%2f1372%2f1%2f012047&partnerID=40&md5=b3b75d788b7b3fe9be32d23df3bd038c
dc.identifier.urihttps://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/37051
dc.identifier.volume1372
dc.publisherInstitute of Physicsen_US
dc.relation.ispartofAll Open Access; Gold Open Access
dc.sourceScopus
dc.sourcetitleIOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
dc.subjectCatalysts
dc.subjectDiesel fuels
dc.subjectExtraction
dc.subjectFatty acids
dc.subjectFeedstocks
dc.subjectFossil fuels
dc.subjectGlobal warming
dc.subjectMethanol
dc.subjectMicrowave irradiation
dc.subjectPalm oil
dc.subjectPotassium compounds
dc.subjectSustainable development
dc.subjectTransesterification
dc.subjectWaste management
dc.subjectCatalysts concentrations
dc.subjectCrude oil extraction
dc.subjectEnergy
dc.subjectEnvironmental damage
dc.subjectHybrid feedstocks
dc.subjectMicrowave temperature
dc.subjectMicrowave- irradiations
dc.subjectOil ratio
dc.subjectPotassium methoxide
dc.subjectStirring speed
dc.subjectBiodiesel
dc.titleProduction of biodiesel from non-edible waste palm oil and sterculia foetida using microwave irradiationen_US
dc.typeConference paperen_US
dspace.entity.typePublication
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