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Microwave radiation associated with positive narrow bipolar events

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dc.citedby2
dc.contributor.authorBaharin S.A.S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorAhmad M.R.en_US
dc.contributor.authorSabri M.H.M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorAlammari A.en_US
dc.contributor.authorAl-Kahtani A.A.N.en_US
dc.contributor.authorLu G.en_US
dc.contributor.authorKawasaki Z.en_US
dc.contributor.authorCooray V.en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57206727343en_US
dc.contributor.authorid58861819300en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57200560218en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57217994803en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57219739527en_US
dc.contributor.authorid12781228700en_US
dc.contributor.authorid36916954400en_US
dc.contributor.authorid7005428121en_US
dc.date.accessioned2024-10-14T03:21:50Z
dc.date.available2024-10-14T03:21:50Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.description.abstractIn this paper, we examined seven isolated positive Narrow Bipolar Events (NBEs), one positive NBE that initiated an IC flash progressed to a single-stroke Cloud-to-Ground (CG) flash, and one positive NBE that initiated an IC flash. Seven NBEs have been accompanied by significant Very-High Frequency (VHF) and microwave radiation pulses. We recorded all NBEs from two measurement stations (ST1 and ST2) separated at 13.3 km apart which consisted of fast antenna (FA) and slow antenna (SA) sensors, a magnetic field (B-field) sensor, a VHF sensor (60 MHz), and a microwave sensor (0.97 GHz). The waveforms were sampled at 2.5 GHz (400 ps). The key finding is that all microwave radiation pulses have been found to precede both the VHF radiation pulses and NBEs with average lead time of 63 � 39 ns and 122 � 143 ns, respectively. In comparison to stepped leader pulses or SLPs (conventional breakdown), the average lead time of microwave to VHF for NBEs (fast breakdown) was 88% faster compared to the average lead time of microwave to VHF for SLPs. Moreover, the average lead time of VHF to NBEs was 56% faster when compared to the average lead time of VHF to SLPs. The VHF interferometer map for an isolated NBE (NBE6) showed upward propagation of VHF radiation sources (fast negative breakdown) with initiation altitude, total length of the VHF radiation sources propagation, and estimated velocity were 10.2 � 0.3 km, 2.9 � 0.6 km, and 1.8 � 108 and 2.8 � 108 ms?1, respectively. On the other hand, interferometer map for an NBE that initiated a single-stroke CG (NBE3) showed bidirectional fast streamers propagation with initiation altitude, total length of the VHF radiation sources propagation, and estimated velocity were 14.0 � 0.4 km, 2.9 � 0.82 km, and 1.6 � 108 and 2.8 � 108 ms?1, respectively. Clearly, the microwave and VHF radiation pulses associated with positive NBEs have been emitted by different processes of fast breakdown mechanism. Therefore, it can be suggested that the microwave radiation is emitted by electron avalanches/corona while the VHF radiation is emitted by fast propagating streamers. � 2022 Elsevier Ltden_US
dc.description.natureFinalen_US
dc.identifier.ArtNo105998
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.jastp.2022.105998
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85144385241
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85144385241&doi=10.1016%2fj.jastp.2022.105998&partnerID=40&md5=78d6f3e37de5fadb775905bc90951e1e
dc.identifier.urihttps://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/34698
dc.identifier.volume242
dc.publisherElsevier Ltden_US
dc.sourceScopus
dc.sourcetitleJournal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics
dc.subjectConventional breakdown
dc.subjectFast breakdown
dc.subjectMicrowave
dc.subjectNarrow bipolar event
dc.subjectVery-high frequency
dc.subjectIntegrated circuits
dc.subjectInterferometers
dc.subjectMicrowave sensors
dc.subjectConventional breakdown
dc.subjectFast breakdown
dc.subjectHigh-frequency radiation
dc.subjectLeadtime
dc.subjectNarrow bipolar events
dc.subjectRadiation pulse
dc.subjectRadiation source
dc.subjectSingle stroke
dc.subjectTotal length
dc.subjectVery high frequency
dc.subjectAntennas
dc.titleMicrowave radiation associated with positive narrow bipolar eventsen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dspace.entity.typePublication
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