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Synthesis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Derived Magnetic Solid Acid Catalyst for Levulinate Production

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dc.contributor.authorGowri K.S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorFei-Ling P.en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57224199060en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57221928775en_US
dc.date.accessioned2023-05-29T09:07:37Z
dc.date.available2023-05-29T09:07:37Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.descriptionBiomass; Chemical analysis; Esterification; Esters; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Fruits; Fuel additives; Magnetism; Molar ratio; Organic acids; Palm oil; Scanning electron microscopy; X ray spectroscopy; Catalytic performance; Esterification reactions; Heterogeneous catalyst; Magnetically separable catalysts; Oil palm empty fruit bunch; Oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB); Reaction temperature; Vibrating sample magnetometer; Catalystsen_US
dc.description.abstractEthyl levulinate is widely known as a fuel additive, flavour, and fragrance components. In this study, the biomass-derived magnetic catalyst was synthesised, and its efficiency was evaluated in the esterification reaction. Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) was used in the preparation of the solid magnetic catalyst. The synthesised catalyst was analysed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analyses, and acidic test. The magnetisation value of 24.97 emu/g for EFB fiber-MAC was reported that the catalyst has excellent magnetic properties and a strong acid density of 2.4 mmol/g. The catalytic performance was evaluated via the esterification of levulinic acid. The highest ethyl levulinate conversion of 66.78 mol% and yield of 84.87 mol% were recorded corresponding to 10 wt% catalyst loading and 10:1 ethanol to levulinic acid molar ratio with reaction temperature of 70 C for 5 h. FTIR and GC-FID analysis confirmed the appearance of the ester group after the esterification reaction. Finally, the magnetically separable catalyst can be easily separated, and it shows a potential solution to the utilisation of heterogeneous catalysts in the esterification reaction. � Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.en_US
dc.description.natureFinalen_US
dc.identifier.ArtNo12020
dc.identifier.doi10.1088/1755-1315/749/1/012020
dc.identifier.issue1
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85107180339
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85107180339&doi=10.1088%2f1755-1315%2f749%2f1%2f012020&partnerID=40&md5=464465b174ecbf910472c717e7e17b58
dc.identifier.urihttps://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/26194
dc.identifier.volume749
dc.publisherIOP Publishing Ltden_US
dc.relation.ispartofAll Open Access, Bronze
dc.sourceScopus
dc.sourcetitleIOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
dc.titleSynthesis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Derived Magnetic Solid Acid Catalyst for Levulinate Productionen_US
dc.typeConference Paperen_US
dspace.entity.typePublication
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