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Feasibility of coal bottom ash as fine aggregate in strain-hardening cementitious composites: A study on strength, durability, and sustainability

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dc.citedby1
dc.contributor.authorAbdulkadir I.en_US
dc.contributor.authorEan L.W.en_US
dc.contributor.authorWong L.S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorMurali G.en_US
dc.contributor.authorMohammed B.S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorAmin N.A.M.B.M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorJaafar R.A.H.B.R.en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57218298049en_US
dc.contributor.authorid55324334700en_US
dc.contributor.authorid55504782500en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57203952839en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57203590522en_US
dc.contributor.authorid59447297200en_US
dc.contributor.authorid59447297300en_US
dc.date.accessioned2025-03-03T07:41:25Z
dc.date.available2025-03-03T07:41:25Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.description.abstractThe search for cost-effective and sustainable materials for strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) has led researchers to explore alternatives to silica sand, a critical yet costly and environmentally unfavorable material. Although river sand seems like a cheaper and viable alternative, its extraction is linked to severe environmental degradation. This study aims to investigate the potential of coal bottom ash (CBA) as a replacement for silica sand in SHCC, targeting to meet the minimum requirements for structural applications. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive exploration of CBA as a partial to full replacement for silica sand (at 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %), extending beyond the replacement limit investigated in previous studies on SHCC, and provides an extensive evaluation of the composite's fresh, mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties. Additionally, it includes a thorough assessment of the leaching potential, CO? emissions, energy consumption, and cost implications of the CBA-SHCC, which have not been fully explored in earlier CBA-SHCC research. The findings indicate that the reduction in mechanical strength was minimal (0.5 %-10 %) across all CBA replacement levels. Notably, all mixes demonstrated typical strain-hardening behavior, sustaining higher flexural loads beyond the first crack, with increased deflection capacity observed at higher CBA contents, peaking at 50 % replacement. Durability metrics, including water absorption and HCl acid attack resistance, exhibited a downward trend with higher CBA content but remained within acceptable limits up to 75 % replacement. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure results confirmed the non-leachability of toxic elements in both the CBA and CBA-SHCC mixes. Economically and environmentally, CBA proved advantageous, resulting in 1.5?5 % lower CO2 emissions, 0.4?1.5 % lower energy consumption, and 18?84 % cost savings at 25?100 % CBA replacement. Additionally, a multicriteria analysis using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was employed, which identified 25 % as the optimal CBA content that balances fresh properties, mechanical strength, durability, environmental sustainability, and cost efficiency. The study is significant because it demonstrated that CBA can be used as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to silica sand in SHCC, with lower environmental impact while maintaining structural integrity. ? 2024 Elsevier Ltden_US
dc.description.natureFinalen_US
dc.identifier.ArtNo139379
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139379
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85210543428
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85210543428&doi=10.1016%2fj.conbuildmat.2024.139379&partnerID=40&md5=4d361c60e87288a1f8a8e02a7e48d406
dc.identifier.urihttps://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/36123
dc.identifier.volume457
dc.publisherElsevier Ltden_US
dc.sourceScopus
dc.sourcetitleConstruction and Building Materials
dc.subjectAcid resistance
dc.subjectCoal ash
dc.subjectStrain hardening
dc.subjectAsh contents
dc.subjectBottom ash
dc.subjectCO 2 emission
dc.subjectCoal bottom ash
dc.subjectCost effective
dc.subjectFine aggregates
dc.subjectFresh properties
dc.subjectMechanical
dc.subjectProperty
dc.subjectStrain-hardening cementitious composites
dc.subjectSilica sand
dc.titleFeasibility of coal bottom ash as fine aggregate in strain-hardening cementitious composites: A study on strength, durability, and sustainabilityen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dspace.entity.typePublication
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