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Utilization of sodium bentonite to maximize the filler and pozzolanic effects of stabilized peat

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dc.citedby65
dc.contributor.authorWong L.S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorHashim R.en_US
dc.contributor.authorAli F.en_US
dc.contributor.authorid55504782500en_US
dc.contributor.authorid8640798800en_US
dc.contributor.authorid14420764600en_US
dc.date.accessioned2023-12-29T07:44:26Z
dc.date.available2023-12-29T07:44:26Z
dc.date.issued2013
dc.description.abstractSodium bentonite is recognized as a natural pozzolan that can improve the mechanical properties of cemented materials due to its fineness and high content of silica and alumina. When mixed with cement paste in an appropriate amount, it is capable to impart pozzolanic effect which is vital to ensure continuous strength gain of cemented materials. Besides, the fineness of sodium bentonite enables the clay to bring filler effect on cemented materials, thus refining its pore spaces and reinforcing its structures. For stabilization of highly organic soil such as peat, research works that aim to quantify these effects with sodium bentonite as a natural pozzolan are relatively few. This article focuses on laboratory investigation on the application of sodium bentonite to maximize the filler and pozzolanic effects of stabilized peat. The outcome of the laboratory investigation is an optimal mix design of stabilized peat, which can be effectively applied to improve peat in a geological condition of swampy area for highway construction. Other than sodium bentonite, calcium chloride, Portland Composite Cement (PCC) and silica sand were used as additives to stabilize the peat sampled from Sri Nadi village, which is located in the area of Klang, Malaysia. To develop the optimal mix design, specimens of stabilized peat were tested in unconfined compression, direct shear and falling head tests. Both elemental composition and microstructure of the stabilized soil were examined using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) apparatus and scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that test specimen of stabilized peat containing 10% partial replacement of PCC with sodium bentonite has the maximum unconfined compressive strength at 7days of curing in water and under the application of 50kPa initial pressure. Besides peat, the test specimen was formulated with a 300kgm-3 binder dosage and a 596kgm-3 silica sand dosage. At the same mix design, test specimens of stabilized peat have high values of cohesion, high values of angle of internal friction and very low rates of permeability, which are comparable to that of intact clay with a practically impervious drainage characteristic. Also, it was discovered that after testing, the test specimens showed a progressive increase in the direct shear parameters and a continuous decrease in the rate of permeability with increasing curing time in water. In the EDX and SEM analyses, high peaks of calcium, silicon, aluminum and oxide elements, and insignificant pore spaces of the stabilized peat were observed. This proves the existence of cementation products of mainly calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH) crystals that were responsible to bind the organic and soil particles together to form stabilized peat. � 2012 Elsevier B.V.en_US
dc.description.natureFinalen_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.10.019
dc.identifier.epage66
dc.identifier.issue1
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-84870211006
dc.identifier.spage56
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84870211006&doi=10.1016%2fj.enggeo.2012.10.019&partnerID=40&md5=41057de04d2b9806321249a171a58103
dc.identifier.urihttps://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/30090
dc.identifier.volume152
dc.pagecount10
dc.publisherElsevier B.V.en_US
dc.relation.ispartofAll Open Access; Green Open Access
dc.sourceScopus
dc.sourcetitleEngineering Geology
dc.subjectFiller
dc.subjectOptimal mix design
dc.subjectPozzolanic
dc.subjectSodium bentonite
dc.subjectStabilized peat
dc.subjectAlumina
dc.subjectAluminum oxide
dc.subjectCalcium chloride
dc.subjectCalcium silicate
dc.subjectCement additives
dc.subjectCompressive strength
dc.subjectCuring
dc.subjectFillers
dc.subjectHighway engineering
dc.subjectHydrates
dc.subjectHydration
dc.subjectPeat
dc.subjectPozzolan
dc.subjectScanning electron microscopy
dc.subjectSilica
dc.subjectSilica sand
dc.subjectSilicate minerals
dc.subjectSodium Aluminate
dc.subjectSodium compounds
dc.subjectSoil testing
dc.subjectStabilization
dc.subjectAngle of internal friction
dc.subjectCalcium aluminate hydrate
dc.subjectDrainage characteristics
dc.subjectLaboratory investigations
dc.subjectOptimal mixes
dc.subjectPozzolanic
dc.subjectSodium bentonite
dc.subjectUnconfined compressive strength
dc.subjectbentonite
dc.subjectcement
dc.subjectcompressive strength
dc.subjectmechanical property
dc.subjectpeat soil
dc.subjectpermeability
dc.subjectpore space
dc.subjectshear test
dc.subjectsodium
dc.subjectsoil stabilization
dc.subjectBentonite
dc.titleUtilization of sodium bentonite to maximize the filler and pozzolanic effects of stabilized peaten_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dspace.entity.typePublication
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