Publication:
Microwave Radiation Associated with Lightning Initiation Events of Negative Cloud-to-Ground Flashes

Simple item page
dc.contributor.authorSabri M.H.M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorAlkahtani A.A.en_US
dc.contributor.authorAhmad M.R.en_US
dc.contributor.authorBaharin S.A.S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorLu G.en_US
dc.contributor.authorKawasaki Z.en_US
dc.contributor.authorCooray V.en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57200560218en_US
dc.contributor.authorid55646765500en_US
dc.contributor.authorid16021287600en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57206727343en_US
dc.contributor.authorid12781228700en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57815638200en_US
dc.contributor.authorid7005428121en_US
dc.date.accessioned2023-05-29T09:36:32Z
dc.date.available2023-05-29T09:36:32Z
dc.date.issued2022
dc.descriptionAntennas; Clouds; Lightning; Microwave sensors; Cloud-to-ground flash; Electric field change; High-frequency radiation; Initial electric field change; Leadtime; Lightning initiation; Positive streamers; Radiation pulse; Short-length positive streamer; Very high frequency; Microwaves; cloud to ground lightning; electric field; lightning; microwave radiation; sensoren_US
dc.description.abstractIn this paper, we examined the initiation events of ten negative cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes detected close to measurement stations on 12 November (CG-1 to CG-5) and 24 November (CG-6 to CG-10), 2019. All CG flashes were accompanied by microwave and very-high frequency (VHF) radiation pulses. We recorded all the CG flashes from two measurement stations (ST1 and ST2), which are separated by 13.3 km and consist of fast and slow antenna (FA and SA) sensors, a magnetic field (B-field) sensor, a VHF sensor (60 MHz), and a microwave sensor (~1 GHz). The key finding is that all of the microwave radiation pulses detected before the onset of initial electric field changes (IECs) preceded all VHF radiation pulses with an average lead time of 1.53 �s, ranging between 0.3 and 3.0 �s (for all CG flashes within reversal distance). A total of 50%, 17%, and 33% CG flashes were initiated by a single radiation pulse, two radiation pulses, and three radiation pulses, respectively, and were followed by IECs. Some VHF pulses are classified as short VHF radiation pulses (pulse duration less than 0.5 �s). The average duration from the first microwave and VHF pulses to the onset of IECs were 53.4 �s and 32.78 �s, respectively. The VHF radiation pulses detected before the IECs are suggested to be emitted by short-length positive streamers. Because the microwave radiation pulses were detected earlier (average lead time of 1.53 �s) than VHF radiation pulses, it is most likely that the microwave pulses were emitted by an electron avalanche process. � 2022 by the authors.en_US
dc.description.natureFinalen_US
dc.identifier.ArtNo1454
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/atmos13091454
dc.identifier.issue9
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85138750381
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85138750381&doi=10.3390%2fatmos13091454&partnerID=40&md5=f8f2211531ec90f3d498b72e13ee9bf5
dc.identifier.urihttps://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/26753
dc.identifier.volume13
dc.publisherMDPIen_US
dc.relation.ispartofAll Open Access, Gold, Green
dc.sourceScopus
dc.sourcetitleAtmosphere
dc.titleMicrowave Radiation Associated with Lightning Initiation Events of Negative Cloud-to-Ground Flashesen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dspace.entity.typePublication
Files
Collections
SCOPUS