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Ecological and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sungai Perak, Malaysia

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dc.citedby9
dc.contributor.authorAbd Manan T.S.B.en_US
dc.contributor.authorKhan T.en_US
dc.contributor.authorWan Mohtar W.H.M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorBeddu S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorQazi S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorSheikh Khozani Z.en_US
dc.contributor.authorMohd Kamal N.L.en_US
dc.contributor.authorSarwono A.en_US
dc.contributor.authorJusoh H.en_US
dc.contributor.authorYavari S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorMustafa S.F.Z.en_US
dc.contributor.authorHanafiah Z.en_US
dc.contributor.authorMohd Zaid H.F.en_US
dc.contributor.authorMachmudah A.en_US
dc.contributor.authorIsa M.H.en_US
dc.contributor.authorAhmad A.en_US
dc.contributor.authorGhanim A.A.J.en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57219650719en_US
dc.contributor.authorid54991181500en_US
dc.contributor.authorid25637975300en_US
dc.contributor.authorid55812080500en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57216613755en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57185668800en_US
dc.contributor.authorid56239107300en_US
dc.contributor.authorid40762223800en_US
dc.contributor.authorid54779965400en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57521992400en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57190572064en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57208707622en_US
dc.contributor.authorid25928023100en_US
dc.contributor.authorid36442829100en_US
dc.contributor.authorid12808940900en_US
dc.contributor.authorid6506760282en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57210192561en_US
dc.date.accessioned2023-05-29T09:08:16Z
dc.date.available2023-05-29T09:08:16Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.description.abstractPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mutagenic and bio-accumulates in nature. This research aims to determine the ecological and health risk assessment of PAHs in Sungai Perak, Malaysia. The sampling was conducted at the up and downstream of Sungai Perak in the district of Perak Tengah, Malaysia. The sampling stations were Tanjung Belanja Bridge (TBB), Water Treatment Plant Parit (WTPP), Parit Town Discharge (PTD), Water Treatment Plant Senin (WTPS) and Water Treatment Plant Kepayang (WTPK). The water treatment plants channel water through the distribution network, to Manjung (249,600 people), Perak Tengah (249,600 people), Kinta (810,400 people) and Hilir Perak (144,400 people) districts. The hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were applied for ecological and health risk assessments. The lifetime cancer risk (LCR) was employed for the health risk assessment. The PAHs contamination level presumptions for all sampling campaigns were low (0�100 ?g/L). The HI values of ecological and health risk assessments were found to be aligned with each other. The HI values for raw water were below one (<1) indicating low or no risk while the treated water HI values were more than one (>1) indicating to high risk to aquatic organisms and human health. However, the LCR for raw and treated water exceeded the maximum permissible limit, 1.0 � 10?6 equals to cancer risk of 1 in 1,000,000 people. The LCR for raw water were 1.71 � 10?4 (TBB), 1.35 � 10?4 (WTPP), 1.43 � 10?4 (PTD), 9.54 � 10?5 (WTPS) and 2.37 � 10?4 (WTPK). Meanwhile, the LCR for treated water were 6.90 � 10?5 (WTPP), 5.42 � 10?5 (WTPS) and 2.63 � 10?4 (WTPK). The conventional water treatment system appears to be inefficient to remove PAHs, risking the security of public health. Thus, restructuring the infrastructure of water treatment plants or considering an alternative to rivers as domestic water sources are highly recommended. � 2021 Elsevier Ltden_US
dc.description.natureFinalen_US
dc.identifier.ArtNo126124
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126124
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85100884116
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85100884116&doi=10.1016%2fj.jclepro.2021.126124&partnerID=40&md5=8a0c204e79d0002dad294e8b589eea8c
dc.identifier.urihttps://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/26251
dc.identifier.volume294
dc.publisherElsevier Ltden_US
dc.sourceScopus
dc.sourcetitleJournal of Cleaner Production
dc.titleEcological and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sungai Perak, Malaysiaen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dspace.entity.typePublication
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