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Time series subsidence evaluation using NSBAS InSAR: a case study of twin megacities (Rawalpindi and Islamabad) in Pakistan

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dc.citedby2
dc.contributor.authorZafar W.A.en_US
dc.contributor.authorJaved F.en_US
dc.contributor.authorAhmed R.en_US
dc.contributor.authorShah M.A.en_US
dc.contributor.authorAhmad M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorKhan M.Y.en_US
dc.contributor.authorAbdullah G.M.S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorKhan D.en_US
dc.contributor.authorNajeh T.en_US
dc.contributor.authorGamil Y.en_US
dc.contributor.authorid56765911000en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57188987709en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57195804715en_US
dc.contributor.authorid7402047313en_US
dc.contributor.authorid58731610900en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57217090512en_US
dc.contributor.authorid56606096100en_US
dc.contributor.authorid58888550500en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57220642186en_US
dc.contributor.authorid57191379149en_US
dc.date.accessioned2025-03-03T07:47:53Z
dc.date.available2025-03-03T07:47:53Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.description.abstractGround deformation associated with natural and anthropogenic activities can be damaging for infrastructure and can cause enormous economic loss, particularly in developing countries which lack measuring instruments. Remote sensing techniques like interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) can thus play an important role in investigating deformation and mitigating geohazards. Rawalpindi and Islamabad are twin cities in Pakistan with a population of approximately 5.4 million, along with important government and private entities of national and international interest. In this study, we evaluate rapid paced subsidence in this area using a modified small baseline subset technique with Sentinel-1A imagery acquired between 2015 and 2022. Our results show that approximately 50 mm/year subsidence occurs in the older city of Rawalpindi, the most populated zone. We observed that subsidence in the area is controlled by the buried splays of the Main Boundary Thrust, one of the most destructive active faults in the recent past. We suggest that such rapid subsidence is most probably due to aggressive subsurface water extraction. It has been found that, despite provision of alternate water supplies by the district government, a very alarming number of tube wells are being operated in the area to extract ground water. Over 2017?2021, field data showed that near-surface aquifers up to 50?60 m deep are exhausted, and most of the tube wells are currently extracting water from depths of approximately 150?160 m. The dropping water level is proportional to the increasing number of tube wells. Lying downstream of tributaries originating from the Margalla and Murree hills, this area has a good monsoon season, and its topography supports recharge of the aquifers. However, rapid subsidence indicates a deficit between water extraction and recharge, partly due to the limitations inherent in shale and the low porosity near the surface lithology exposed in the area. Other factors amplifying the impacts are fast urbanization, uncontrolled population growth, and non-cultivation of precipitation in the area. Copyright ? 2024 Zafar, Javed, Ahmed, Shah, Ahmad, Khan, Abdullah, Khan, Najeh and Gamil.en_US
dc.description.natureFinalen_US
dc.identifier.ArtNo1336530
dc.identifier.doi10.3389/feart.2024.1336530
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85186929155
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85186929155&doi=10.3389%2ffeart.2024.1336530&partnerID=40&md5=425b41644849bd1fd247208310e2e01b
dc.identifier.urihttps://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/37137
dc.identifier.volume12
dc.publisherFrontiers Media SAen_US
dc.relation.ispartofAll Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access
dc.sourceScopus
dc.sourcetitleFrontiers in Earth Science
dc.subjectPakistan
dc.subjectanthropogenic source
dc.subjecthuman activity
dc.subjectlithology
dc.subjectmegacity
dc.subjectremote sensing
dc.subjectsatellite data
dc.subjectsatellite imagery
dc.subjectsubsidence
dc.subjectsynthetic aperture radar
dc.titleTime series subsidence evaluation using NSBAS InSAR: a case study of twin megacities (Rawalpindi and Islamabad) in Pakistanen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dspace.entity.typePublication
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