Browsing by Type "Short Survey"
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- PublicationBuilding norms-adaptable agents from Potential Norms Detection Technique (PNDT)(2013)
;Mahmoud M.A. ;Ahmad M.S. ;Ahmad A. ;Mustapha A. ;Yusoff M.Z.M. ;Hamid N.H.A. ;55247787300 ;56036880900 ;55390963300 ;57200530694 ;2263659020055419558500This paper presents a contribution to research on norms detection by proposing a technique, which is called the Potential Norms Detection Technique (PNDT). The literature proposes that an agent changes or updates its norms based on the variables of the local environment and the amount of thinking about its behaviour. Consequently, any changes on these two variables cause the agent to use the PNDT to update the norms in complying with the domain's normative protocol. This technique enables an agent to update its norms even in the absence of sanctions from a third-party enforcement authority as found in some work, which entail sanctions by a third-party to detect and identify the norms. The PNDT consists of five components: agent's belief base; observation process; Potential Norms Mining Algorithm (PNMA) to detect the potential norms and identify the normative protocol; verification process, which verifies the detected potential norms; and updating process, which updates the agent's belief base with new normative protocol. The authors then demonstrate the operation of the algorithm by testing it on a typical scenario and analyse the results on several issues. Copyright � 2013 IGI Global.9 - PublicationMalaysia's electricity market structure in transition(Elsevier Ltd, 2021)
;Sibeperegasam M. ;Ramachandaramurthy V.K. ;Walker S. ;Kanesan J. ;57226149126 ;6602912020 ;3710514220026434800000The Malaysian electricity industry evolved from a vertically integrated utility into a single-buyer model, which considered a precursor to deregulation and a competitive market. This study considers electricity sector reform in Malaysia and proposes a market structure for the industry. We focus on the single-buyer model and the pool model for the analysis with the recommendation on reform stages required to ensure a smooth and successful market transition. A smooth transition from regulated market into deregulated market will ensure market stability and sustainability of the energy market. It will also provide enough time for the market participants to adapt and transit from regulated to deregulated energy market. � 2021 Elsevier Ltd20 - PublicationThe role of existing infrastructure of fuel stations in deploying solar charging systems, electric vehicles and solar energy: A preliminary analysis(Elsevier Inc., 2018)
;Alghoul M.A. ;Hammadi F.Y. ;Amin N. ;Asim N. ;8626748100 ;56032845200 ;710242461455902096700The lift off point for Electric vehicle (EV) sales is expected in the very near future even with oil prices that stayed cheap last few years and still inexpensive nowadays. Therefore, EV purchasers require convenient access to nationwide public charging stations infrastructure. The aim of this study is to assess the role of existing roofs of fuel Stations in deploying solar assisted electric vehicle charging systems (SAEVCS), electric vehicles and solar energy in Malaysia. PETRONAS petrol stations (PS) nationwide of Malaysia are selected to install solar charging systems on their existing infrastructure as a case study. Hybrid PV-Grid charging system is evaluated under different modes of grid power capacities (0�40 kW). The techno-economic feasibility indices are determined by using HOMER simulation tool. It is found that the estimated net average roof area of all PETRONAS stations is (500 m2); it will be considered as a representative for the roof area of each PETRONAS station. The produced PV power capacity at each station is found 85 kW. Over 1121 stations until the end of 2015, total PV power capacity is 95 MW with a total annual green energy production of 136 GWh/year; and a total battery bank capacity of 255 MWh. Total CO2 emissions that can be avoided by the nationwide PV charging systems is 88,559 ton/yr. The results showed that PS-SAEVCS, integrated with limited grid power line of (10 kW) can accommodate up to 2.14% of the initial EV penetration. Taking advantage of the FiT program, the cost of the PV/Grid-10 kW system can be retrieved in 6.3 years whereas the residual period (14.7 years) from the program is a net profit income. The attractive outcome from this study is that SAEVCS can be exploited as a station-to-grid (S2G) technique which is a worthy alternative to vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology at the early years of system installation (initial stage of EV deployment). � 2018 Elsevier Inc.4